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Exodus: The Book in Review

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Step Back

When our Bible study focuses intently on each passage, one after another, we may find it difficult to step back and see how they fit together. But we must remember the Bible is a work of literature. It was not written to be scrutinized in bites; it was written to be devoured in gobbles. We should remember to read the Bible as we’d read any other book: moving through it at a reasonable pace and recognizing ongoing themes, climax, resolution, and character development. When we hit milestones in the text, we should take the opportunity to survey where we’ve been and how it fits together.

So, now that we’ve completed our study of each chapter, we ought to look back and put it all together.

Review

Let me list the main points I’ve proposed for each passage in the last section:

  • Exodus 35:1-39:43: When God empowers his people with the glory of his grace and truth, his redeemed, new covenant people are able to do everything just as he commands.
  • Exodus 40:1-38: While the tabernacle reveals the magnificent glory of God with us, there is something even more glorious yet.

In addition, my overview of the whole book led me to this overall main point:

Who is Yahweh, and why should you obey him? He is the God who 1) demolishes the house of slavery (Ex 1-15), 2) prepares to rebuild (Ex 16-18), and 3) builds his house in the midst of his people (Ex 19-40).

The main idea of Act I (Ex 1:1-15:21) was that Yahweh demolishes the house of slavery. He does this in two parts:

  1. He trains up a qualified mediator to deliver (Ex 1:1-7:7).
  2. He delivers his people from their enemies into a frightful joy (Ex 7:8-15:21).

The main idea of Act II (Ex 15:22-18:27) was that Yahweh prepares the house of his people by showing them they need his law to know him.

Now in Act III, Yahweh builds his house in the midst of his people. We’ve already covered three parts:

  1. In Part 1 (Ex 19:1-24:18), God prepares the conditions for a perfect paradise with his people, where they can draw near to him through the blood of a substitute.
  2. In Part 2 (Ex 25:1-31:18), God delivers blueprints for a tent, so he can re-create heaven on earth by living among his people.
  3. In Part 3 (Ex 32:1-34:35), God hands them something better than paradise; he hands them more of himself.

Pull It Together

Now what do these things show us about the flow of thought in chapters 35-40? We have reached the end of the book and have every reason to expect something even more climactic than the Passover, the Red Sea crossing, or the Ten Commandments.

  • Act I describes God’s deliverance of his people. Act II shows how God prepares them for a covenant relationship with him. Act III now constructs that covenant relationship.
  • Part 1: Exodus 19-24 opens the gates of paradise by drawing the people close through the blood of a substitute and endowing them with a utopian vision.
  • Part 2: Exodus 25-31 recreates heaven on earth, proposing a place where God will dwell with his people, through a series of building plans.
  • Part 3: Exodus 32-34 shows us what happens when a righteous God tries to live with a sinful people.
  • Part 4: Exodus 35-40 now enacts the covenant as the parties finally move in together.
    • Exodus 35-39 uses every possible narrative convention to explain how astoundingly obedient the people are to Yahweh’s commands.
    • Exodus 40 portrays the final product, where Yahweh finally moves in. Except it ends like a wedding reception where the bride and groom ride off into the sunset…in two different cars.

These chapters show us that the tabernacle was not God’s final plan. Of course, it would later lead to a temple. But not even the temple would be the final plan. These religious structures have no power in themselves to save. Only the final Immanuel, the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God come in the flesh, can fully draw us in and unite us to God.

Greg (2012), Creative Commons

We can finally complete our outline of the whole book:

Act I: Yahweh demolishes the house of slavery (Ex 1-15).

Introduction: Nobody can prevent Yahweh from keeping his promises, but we’re not sure how he’ll do it (Ex 1).

Part 1: Yahweh appoints a mediator and ensures he is fully qualified and trained for the task of deliverance (Ex 2:1-7:7).

Part 2: Yahweh delivers a deserved destruction to his enemies and a frightful joy to his people (Ex 7:8-15:21).

Act II: Yahweh prepares to rebuild by exposing how deeply his people need his law to know him (Ex 16-18).

Act III: Yahweh builds his house in the midst of his people (Ex 19-40).

Part 1: Yahweh architects a perfect paradise for the community of his people, so he can bring them near through the blood of a substitute (Ex 19-24).

Part 2: Yahweh explains how his people can re-create this paradise on earth (Ex 25-31).

Part 3: Yahweh hands them something more glorious than paradise; he hands them more of himself (Ex 32-34).

Part 4: The obedient new creators build the house, and Yahweh moves in. But not even Moses can enter the glory. This tent cannot be it; there must be something more to come (Ex 35-40).

Gaze Upon Jesus

When Yahweh finally moves in, Moses unexpectedly can’t even enter the cloud of glory. But Jesus would eventually come to finish all the Father’s work. Now he has taken up his rest at the Father’s right hand. And we who have believed enter that rest (Heb 4:3). So now, it is not the work of our hands, but the community itself that is the dwelling place of God (1 Cor 3:16-17).

Apply

Let’s be honest: The book of Exodus contains both some of the most exciting narratives and some of the most boring inventories in all the Scripture. But now that you’ve seen the point of it all, have you found eyes to see the glory? Dwell in this book for any length of time, gaze on the glory of our God’s grace and truth, and you, too, will experience something Moses and the freed slaves could only have dreamed.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 40: Great But Not Great Enough

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God’s rescued and rebellious people have been brought out of bondage and brought back to their glorious Master. They have done all he’s asked them to do in building his tent. How will Moses conclude this book?

Observation of Exodus 40:1-38

Most repeated words: tabernacle (17 times), Lord (14x), put (14), tent (14), Moses (13), set (13), meeting (12), up (12), altar (11), all (8), anoint (8), ark (8), commanded (8)

  • The clear focus is on the tabernacle/tent (31x), which Yahweh (14) commanded (8) and Moses (13) set (13) up (12) and put (14) in place for meeting (12) with Yahweh.

Scene 1: Yahweh’s speech to Moses (Ex 40:1-15)

  • Moses must erect the tabernacle exactly one year after they came out of Egypt (Ex 40:2, 17; Ex 12:1-2).
  • All the pieces must go in the right place (Ex 40:1-8):
    • Ark
    • Veil
    • Table
    • Lampstand
    • Incense altar
    • Screen door
    • Offering altar
    • Basin
    • Court
    • Screen gate
  • Moses must anoint (pour oil on) all these pieces, the structure itself, and the people who will serve as priests (Ex 40:9-15)

Scene 2: Moses’ obedience (Ex 40:16-33)

  • Moses did it, “according to all that Yahweh commanded him” (Ex 40:16). The repetition of this evaluation statement divides the steps of obedience into the following chunks:
    • Tabernacle, bases, frames, poles, pillars, tent covering (Ex 40:18-19)
    • Ark with tablets, poles, mercy seat, screen veil (Ex 40:20-21)
    • Table with bread on north side of outer room (Ex 40:22-23)
    • Lampstand with lamps on south side of outer room (Ex 40:24-25)
    • Golden altar with incense in front of screen veil to inner room (Ex 40:26-27)
    • Screen door, altar of burnt offering outside, with burnt offering and grain offering (Ex 40:28-29)
    • Basin with water, so Moses, Aaron, and sons can wash (Ex 40:30-32)
    • Court with screen gate (Ex 40:33)
  • I observe that the steps of Moses’ obedience exactly follow the order of Yahweh’s instructions from Ex 40:1-8.
  • When it’s over, we get a concluding narrative statement: “So Moses finished the work” (Ex 40:33b).

Scene 3: The aftermath (Ex 40:34-38)

  • Yahweh’s cloud covers the tent, and his glory fills the tabernacle (Ex 40:34).
  • Because of the cloud and the glory, Moses is not able to enter (Ex 40:35).
  • The cloud directs Israel’s camping route and schedule (Ex 40:36-38).

    John McSporran (2016), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 40

Some possible questions:

  1. Why are both tabernacle and priests anointed?
  2. Why does the narrator record Moses’ obedience in the same order as Yahweh’s command?
  3. Moses was able to enter (Ex 20:21, 24:18) and see (sort of: Ex 33:18-23, 34:5-8) the cloud of Yahweh’s glory. How come he can’t now enter the glory when it fills the tabernacle?
  4. Why does the book end by relegating the glory cloud to the role of wilderness tour guide?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. The priests are linked to the tabernacle by being treated in the same way—getting oil dumped on them. They are also linked by having the same purpose of the anointing: to consecrate them, or make them holy (that is, special). These special men are now linked to this special place in a special way. They work together to make “Immanuel” possible.
  2. Exodus 35-39 showed outrageous obedience on the part of the craftsmen and people. Now we see Moses, as the leader, is just as faithful in all God’s house (Heb 3:2). Also, if God is the Creator of the new creation tabernacle in Ex 25-31, Moses is now the new creator, in God’s image. The concluding “So Moses finished the work” is fitting when compared to Yahweh’s work (Gen 2:2).
  3. Certainly something has shifted. When things were just getting set up, Moses entered the glory to show Yahweh’s inclusion of his glorified mediator in his covenant purposes. But now that the tabernacle is erected, perhaps we have here some foreshadowing that this “new covenant” is not new enough. There must be something better than this. This can’t be the full and final relationship with Immanuel that we’ve been waiting for.
  4. This is a fulfillment of Yahweh’s promise to go up with the people into the land he had promised them (Ex 33:14). It also shows both how dependent the people are on Yahweh’s glory to guide them, and how they are unable to enter the glory in the tabernacle (all they can do is watch and follow; they cannot enter). Finally, it ends the narrative right where it began (Ex 1:1): with the people of Israel moving from one place to another, looking for the ultimate fulfillment of Yahweh’s promises. This cannot be the end of their story.

Train of thought:

  • Put all the pieces together so we can dwell together.
  • He puts all the pieces together so they can dwell together.
  • But they can’t actually dwell together yet.

Main point: While the tabernacle reveals the magnificent glory of God with us, there is something even more glorious yet.

Connection to Christ: These people long for the day when they can really and truly live with their God. Little did they know he would come to live with them (Matt 1:21-23). He would lead his people into yet greater obedience, as they behold the glory of his grace and truth (John 1:14).

My Application of Exodus 40

Head: I can trust God’s good purposes when I feel tension between the already and the not yet. I already have everything I need in Christ: his presence with me by his Spirit, empowering me to obey his commands. Yet, it will become even more wonderful and glorious when I can set my aside once and for all to be with him forever.

Heart: My hope is built on nothing less than Jesus’ blood and righteousness. If he is not with me, what hope do I have?

Hands: The grace of God teaches me to say no to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live a self-controlled, upright, and godly life (Titus 2:11-12) while I wait for my blessed hope, the appearing of the glory of my great God and Savior Jesus Christ (Titus 2:13-14). I don’t need a second helping of dessert tonight. I can restrain my harsh words to my children. I can respond to my discouragement with the hope of what Jesus is doing in the world.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 35-39: Outrageous Obedience

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Though Yahweh’s people don’t deserve his presence, he has handed them more of himself. How will this fact affect their covenant relationship? What will happen to all the blueprints for the tabernacle? We’ve decided not to freak out over the massive repetition of tabernacle details. So how do we understand these closing chapters of Exodus? I will focus on the new material.

Observation of Exodus 35-39

Ten most repeated words: made (81 times), gold (48x), all (46), two (36), base (30), cubits (28), Lord (28), one (26), work (26), frame (25)

  • clearly, this section is about gathering all the materials and constructing the tabernacle
  • I’ll mention one other prominent repeated word, though it’s not in the top 10: commanded (19 times). It occurs in both the first and last verses of this section, as well as at key points throughout.

The narrative picks up exactly where Yahweh’s instructions had left off: with the weekly cycle of 6 working days followed by one Sabbath day (Ex 35:1-3, compare with Ex 31:12-17).

  • Moses’ words in Ex 35:2 are almost an exact repetition of Yahweh’s words in Ex 31:15, even standing by the death penalty for disobedience.
  • But Moses adds a new instruction: kindle no fire in your dwellings on the Sabbath (Ex 35:3).

Moses then moves to the next “commandment” of Yahweh: to take a contribution for the tabernacle’s materials (Ex 35:4-9).

  • Not just anyone is to give. The focus is on “whoever is of a generous heart” (Ex 35:5).

Then he addresses the “skillful craftsmen”: come and make all that Yahweh has commanded (Ex 35:10-19).

  • Moses lists all the parts and pieces of the tabernacle to be built.
  • The pieces are listed here in the same order their construction is narrated in Ex 36:8-39:23. See my outline.
    • The only exceptions are the inside veil and the outside entrance curtain for the tabernacle. They are woven along with the tent curtains in Ex 36, but this list puts them in more logical places (veil after ark; entrance screen after remaining inside furniture—Ex 35:12, 15).
    • This makes this inventory list a table of contents for the next few chapters.

Next, we see the people going crazy to contribute the requested materials (Ex 35:20-29).

  • This long paragraph once again lists all the materials by name.
  • The paragraph begins by mentioning “everyone whose heart stirred him, and everyone whose spirit moved him” (Ex 35:21).
  • The paragraph tells of both men and women (Ex 35:22, 29).
  • Everyone, who could contribute, did (Ex 35:24).
  • Women used their hands to create the right cloth (Ex 35:25-26).
  • The leaders also brought precious materials (Ex 35:27-28).
  • The paragraph closes with a comprehensive mention of “all the men and women, the people of Israel, whose heart moved them…brought it” (Ex 35:29).
  • And it was all for “the work that Yahweh had commanded by Moses to be done” (Ex 35:29).

Moses then appoints Bezalel and Oholiab to the primary work of craftsmanship (Ex 35:30-36:1), just as Yahweh had said in his sixth speech (Ex 31:1-11).

The craftsmen begin their work by receiving and inventorying the people’s contributions (Ex 36:2-7).

  • The craftsmen get so overwhelmed by the daily contributions (Ex 36:3) that they must leave their work (Ex 36:4) and appeal to Moses regarding the surplus (Ex 36:5).
  • Moses must “command” and “restrain” the people from bringing more (Ex 36:6).
  • Because, in case you didn’t get it, “the material they had was sufficient…and more” (Ex 36:7).

The craftsmen craft everything, in the order listed in Ex 35:10-19, exactly as Yahweh had commanded in Ex 25-31 (Ex 36:8-39:31).

  • The only significant interruption to the narrative (i.e. the only main thing that is not a repetition from Ex 25-31) is the inventory of resources used in Ex 38:24-31.
  • But there is also a not-so-subtle insertion into the narration of the crafting of the priests’ garments in chapter 39.
    • “As Yahweh had commanded Moses,” “as Yahweh had commanded Moses,” “as Yahweh had commanded Moses”…seven times (Ex 39:1, 5, 7, 21, 26, 29, and 31).

Finally, the section ends with yet one more inventory of tabernacle pieces (Ex 39:32-43).

  • The work was finished (Ex 39:32).
  • The people did, once more, “according to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses” (Ex 39:32).
  • The list occurs in the same order as the list in Ex 35:10-19, which is also the same order of narration in Ex 38:8-39:32.
  • According to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses, so the people did (Ex 39:42).
  • Moses saw the work; behold they had done it (Ex 39:43).
  • As Yahweh had commanded, so had they done it (Ex 39:43).
  • Then Moses blessed them (Ex 39:43).

Structure:

  • Moses issues Yahweh’s commands (Ex 35:1-19)
    • Work and rest (Ex 35:1-3)
    • Contribute (Ex 35:4-9)
    • Craft (Ex 35:10-19)
      • First inventory (Ex 35:11-19)
  • The people obey, in every particular, and more (Ex 35:20-39:31)
    • They get to work (Ex 35:20-21)
    • They contribute (Ex 35:21-29)
    • The craftsmen begin (Ex 35:30-36:1)
    • The craftsmen have to restrain the people from contributing further (Ex 36:2-7)
    • The craftsmen build, according to the inventory list (Ex 36:8-39:31)
  • Evaluation of their efforts (Ex 39:32-43)
    • Finished work, according to Yahweh’s command (Ex 39:32)
    • Closing inventory (Ex 39:33-41)
    • Moses sees the work and blesses the people (Ex 39:42-43)

      Magnes Museum (2005), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 35-39

Some possible questions:

  1. Why does the narrative of Ex 35:1-3 pick up exactly where the instructions of Ex 31:12-17 left off?
  2. Why does Moses add the new instruction not to kindle fires in their personal dwellings on the Sabbath?
  3. Why is Moses concerned that contributions come only from those who are of a generous heart (Ex 35:5)?
  4. Why does the work (Ex 36:8-39:31) follow the same order as the inventories (Ex 35:11-19, 39:33-41)?
  5. What is the point of the closing paragraph (Ex 39:32-43)?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. It is as though the events of Ex 32-34 didn’t even happen. Everything proceeds as it ought to have, as though they never turned aside to worship the golden calf. Yahweh clearly remembers their sins no more.
  2. The tabernacle instructions began with God’s intent to dwell with his people (Ex 25:8, 29:45-46). There is no such statement of intent here. Instead, we’re reminded that each Israelite family has its own dwelling. And the Sabbath day is a reminder of God’s dwelling place with his people, such that there must be no fires in their dwellings to compete with the fire in his dwelling. No wonder the next recorded sin involves the bringing of “strange fire” to Yahweh’s dwelling, in competition with Yahweh’s own fire (Lev 9:23-10:3).
  3. God doesn’t just want their stuff; he wants their hearts. This is the very problem he sought to address in Ex 32-34 (see Ex 32:8). It’s no coincidence that the first item on every list of resources is gold (Ex 35:5, 38:24). God doesn’t really need their gold (which they could use to fashion a calf); he wants their hearts.
  4. With the triple repetition (first inventory list, narrative of crafting items in same order, closing inventory list), the narrator shows the perfect obedience to all that Yahweh has commanded. Combine this with the sevenfold insertion in chapter 39: “as Yahweh commanded Moses.” Combine this also with the near-exact repetition of Ex 36:8-39:31 with Ex 25:1-31:18. Combine this as well with the over-the-top statements in the concluding paragraph (Ex 39:32, 42-43). Put all this together, and we see an unblinking focus on the perfect and complete obedience of these remade, Spirit-filled people, to all that Yahweh has commanded them.
  5. In addition to giving a place for clear statements of the people’s obedience (Ex 39:32, 42-43), the closing paragraph also completes the links we saw between the crafting of the tabernacle and the creation of the world. But with a major progression. In Genesis 1 and 2, God is the one who “sees” the completed work of creation and blesses his subordinates (Gen 1:31, 1:28). But now, it is Moses who stands in that place of seeing, evaluating, and blessing (Ex 39:43).What a glorious elevation of God’s people!

Train of thought:

  • Yahweh commands.
  • The people obey (to the extreme).
  • It is good. It is all good.

Main point: When God empowers his people with the glory of his grace and truth, his redeemed, new covenant people are able to do everything just as he commands.

Connection to Christ: Of course, these people don’t last long. Their leaders offer strange fire. They doubt God’s promises. They repudiate his commands. They hope in their tabernacle instead of in their God. Their hearts move far from him. They fall in the wilderness.

  • They (we) need God to take on flesh and dwell among them. He is filled with the Spirit (Luke 4:16-21). He can build his temple (John 2:19, Eph 2:19-22). He obeys everything the Father gives him to do (John 5:19-20, 30; Matt 5:17-20). Through his death and resurrection, he can now grant to his new covenant people all things that pertain to life and godliness, so they may partake in his divine nature (2 Peter 1:3-11).

My Application of Exodus 35-39

In Christ, I have everything I need to obey what God has commanded. My obedience does not earn his favor, but it flows from his favor. My obedience enables me to experience a deeper communion and intimacy with him (James 4:7-10). This is worth far more to me than whatever reward my disobedience deceptively promises.

No excuse for disobedience will ever carry weight. But it’s who I am. But she hurt me first. But the situation was out of control. But you would have done the same thing in my place. But nobody is perfect. Blah, blah, blah (Rom 6:12, 17-18).

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

What Should We Make of the Massive Repetition of Tabernacle Details in Exodus?

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I used to lead a small group Bible study in my home. And when I proposed we study Exodus, people agreed to participate only if we stopped once we hit the Ten Commandments (chapter 20).

Some time later, I proposed preaching through Exodus at our church. Some of the other elders expressed concern that a chapter-by-chapter exposition would be too taxing for the people. They wanted assurance that we wouldn’t belabor the tabernacle details.

Over the years, I have heard from many friends, who attempted to read the Bible cover-to-cover, that they gave up in the closing chapters of Exodus (though I can think of some who made it as far as Leviticus or Numbers before abandoning ship).

These three anecdotes highlight a major barrier for modern readers: There’s no avoiding the fact that Exodus dedicates exorbitant space to the architectural details of the tabernacle. And those details occur not only once but twice. Every preacher must solve the conundrum of how to preach Exodus without preaching the same sermon(s) multiple times. Every Bible reader must cope with both the pile of cubits, fillets, calyxes, and ephods (Ex 25-31), and the pile of cubits, fillets, calyxes, and ephods (Ex 35-39). As my son loves to ask me: Pete and Repeat were in a boat. Pete fell out, and who was left?

If we believe that all Scripture is useful and profitable (2 Tim 3:16-17), and we are to take heed of what God has revealed about himself, how might we approach chapters 35-39 of Exodus? Will we simply skip them, trusting the lessons from Exodus 26-31 to be sufficient? Or does the Lord have more for us than that?

I have 6 suggestions.

1. Ask why the tabernacle has so many details.

I’ve tried to cover this in my sample Bible studies on each chapter, as I’ve landed on the big picture from the beginning: Yahweh wants to dwell with his people. Here in the tabernacle, we have one of the clearest pictures of Immanuel, God with us. This is worth much time, attention, and detail to ensure we comprehend the glory of it.

2. Ask why Exodus repeats nearly every one of those details.

God chose to give us this particular picture of Immanuel two times. Let’s not let it go to waste. After all, it’s not an exact repetition. First, Yahweh says “you shall build” so and so. Second, the narrator says “Bezalel built” so and so. That shift from instruction to construction must not go unnoticed. (For an example, just do a verse-by-verse comparison of the ark in Ex 25:10-16 and Ex 37:1-5.) Yahweh told them to do something, and they did it. Or more accurately: Yahweh told them to do a thousand somethings, and they did them all. Exactly as they had been told. Down to the jot and tittle. Even if Moses had written his scroll with fluorescent gel pens, he could not have made this obvious point any more vibrant.

3. Observe which parts of Ex 25-31 are not repeated in Ex 35-39.

Though there may be more, I’ve noticed three major things: the intent to dwell, the priests’ ordination ceremony (Ex 29) and the census tax (Ex 30:11-16). All three take on greater significance outside the book of Exodus.

Yahweh clearly states his intent to dwell with his people in Ex 25:8, 29:45-46. While no such intent is stated during construction, this intent to dwell motivates Yahweh through the ages (Deut 31:23, Josh 1:5, Is 7:14, Is 8:5-10, Is 43:2, Matt 1:22-23, Matt 28:20, etc.).

The ordination instruction does finally find its twin in Leviticus 8, and the delay heightens the drama and anticipation for the event. Perhaps this ordination ceremony has more to teach us (about how to approach God) than first meets the eye.

The census tax (“ransom”) is never mentioned again, as far as I can tell. Numbers 1 and 26 narrate two censuses for the two generations of wilderness wanderers, and there is no mention of the tax there. But since Yahweh initiates both censuses, I assume they followed his instructions from Ex 30:11-16. But do you remember David’s fateful census that brought disaster on Israel (2 Sam 24, 1 Chr 21)? Have you ever wondered why it was such a terrible idea? If we didn’t skip over the boring parts of Exodus, we might have eyes to see both David’s failure to collect the ransom and God’s solution to replace the tabernacle with a permanent temple.

4. Observe which parts of Ex 35-39 are new material (not found in Ex 25-31).

Next week, I will focus my sample Bible study on these texts: Ex 35:1-29, Ex 36:2-7, and narrative additions in Ex 39:1-31. They do not have counterparts in Ex 25-31, so they highlight the new angle on Immanuel that the Lord intends with Ex 35-39.

5. Compare and contrast the structure of the two sections.

Some things are similar. For example, the ark, table, and lampstand come in the same order (Ex 25:10-40, 37:1-24), indicating those three items should be taken as a unit. Same with all the priestly garments in Ex 28 and Ex 39.

But most of the structure is completely different. I’ve created an outline showing the differences to help me visualize it. Some key takeaways:

  • The construction begins exactly where the instructions left off: The Sabbath.
  • The instructions take the shape of seven speeches; the construction has no clear corresponding framework.
  • The instructions basically start on the the inside (ark, table, lampstand) and move out (furniture, structure, priests’ garments) before coming back in (more furniture, oil & incense); the construction follows a more logical course (build the tent, fill it with furniture, create the courtyard furniture, build the courtyard fence, end with priestly garments).
  • In light of the content and structural differences, it appears the instructions put more emphasis on the tabernacle as “new creation,” while the construction puts more emphasis on the people involved as “new creators”.

6. Follow the train of thought.

One danger of treating Ex 25-31 and Ex 35-39 as one long passage about the tabernacle is that we miss the crucial train of thought! The covenant is made in Ex 19-24. Then we have tabernacle instructions in Ex 25-31. Then the covenant is broken and repaired in Ex 32-34. Finally, the tabernacle is constructed.

The flow of thought highlights the crucial nature of the breaking and repair of the covenant in between the tabernacle sections. In other words, the only reason the construction can be so detailed, so faithful, and so obedient in every point, is because Yahweh has offered these people more of himself than they’ve ever had. He’s given them a greater, albeit fading, glory in the approval of his face. And he is closer to them than ever. This fact alone makes the tabernacle construction more earth-shattering and supernatural than the instructions were.

If Yahweh is not vulnerable and willing to give himself to his people, his instructions will always fall on deaf ears. But when he shows them his glory, full of grace and truth, they become Spirit-filled to do all that he commands them do. Exactly as he commands them to do it.

Now may the God of peace who brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, the great shepherd of the sheep, by the blood of the eternal covenant, equip you with everything good that you may do his will, working in us that which is pleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen. (Heb 13:20-21)

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Exodus 32-34: More of Him

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Step Back

When our Bible study focuses intently on each passage, one after another, we may find it difficult to step back and see how they fit together. But we must remember the Bible is a work of literature. It was not written to be scrutinized in bites; it was written to be devoured in gobbles. We should remember to read the Bible as we’d read any other book: moving through it at a reasonable pace and recognizing ongoing themes, climax, resolution, and character development. When we hit milestones in the text, we should take the opportunity to survey where we’ve been and how it fits together.

So, now that we’ve seen the breaking and repairing of Yahweh’s covenant with Israel, it’s a good time to catch our breath. From this point in Exodus, we’ll see the detailed obedience of the people in constructing a tent for Yahweh. But where have we been so far?

Review

Let me list the main points I’ve proposed for each passage in this section:

  • Exodus 32:1-35: God has a superior solution to our most troubling trouble. He can make a way to bring us back to him.
  • Exodus 33:1-23: Full atonement = forgiveness + reconciliation.
  • Exodus 34:1-28: The glory of Yahweh’s new covenant lies in total restoration and a more intimate relationship than ever before.
  • Exodus 34:29-35: Yahweh’s new and repaired covenant is far more glorious than was the first covenant, before there was any need of repair—but only if it’s here to stay.

In addition, my overview of the whole book led me to this overall main point:

Who is Yahweh, and why should you obey him? He is the God who 1) demolishes the house of slavery (Ex 1-15), 2) prepares to rebuild (Ex 16-18), and 3) builds his house in the midst of his people (Ex 19-40).

The main idea of Act I (Ex 1:1-15:21) was that Yahweh demolishes the house of slavery. He does this in two parts:

  1. He trains up a qualified mediator to deliver (Ex 1:1-7:7).
  2. He delivers his people from their enemies into a frightful joy (Ex 7:8-15:21).

The main idea of Act II (Ex 15:22-18:27) was that Yahweh prepares the house of his people by showing them they need his law to know him.

Now in Act III, Yahweh builds his house in the midst of his people. We’ve already covered two parts:

  1. In Part 1 (Ex 19:1-24:18), God prepares the conditions for a perfect paradise with his people, where they can draw near to him through the blood of a substitute.
  2. In Part 2 (Ex 25:1-31:18), God delivers blueprints for a tent, so he can re-create heaven on earth by living among his people.

Pull It Together

Now what do these things show us about the flow of thought in chapters 32-34? We are in between the tabernacle’s instructions and the tabernacle’s construction. In giving the tabernacle instructions, how does God build his house?

  • Act I describes God’s deliverance of his people. Act II shows how God prepares them for a covenant relationship with him. Act III now constructs that covenant relationship.
  • Part 1: Exodus 19-24 opens the gates of paradise by drawing the people close through the blood of a substitute and endowing them with a utopian vision.
  • Part 2: Exodus 25-31 recreates heaven on earth, proposing a place where God will dwell with his people, through a series of building plans.
  • Part 3: Exodus 32-34 now shows us what happens when a righteous God tries to live with a sinful people.
    • Exodus 32:1-35 shows that sin remains alive and well, even in a redeemed people, but it suggests there still might be a way to make the relationship work.
    • Exodus 33:1-23 describes the formula for repair; forgiveness is not enough without reconciliation.
    • Exodus 34:1-28 proves it is possible to find such reconciliation and draw closer to Yahweh than ever before.
    • Exodus 34:29-35 illustrates the glorious implications of such complete reconciliation, while leaving us wishing it wouldn’t fade but be settled once and for all.

These chapters show us that our relationship with God involves more than a legal transaction, such that he is only obligated to take us back after he redeems us. This relationship with God involves an intimate connection and a deep friendship unlike anything we’ve experienced. And believe it or not, this relationship—after we sinned and rebelled and were brought back—is better than what we had with him at first. Our delight and satisfaction can be no greater than when we get more of him.

Barney Moss (2015), Creative Commons

We can expand our outline of the book a little further:

Act I: Yahweh demolishes the house of slavery (Ex 1-15).

Introduction: Nobody can prevent Yahweh from keeping his promises, but we’re not sure how he’ll do it (Ex 1).

Part 1: Yahweh appoints a mediator and ensures he is fully qualified and trained for the task of deliverance (Ex 2:1-7:7).

Part 2: Yahweh delivers a deserved destruction to his enemies and a frightful joy to his people (Ex 7:8-15:21).

Act II: Yahweh prepares to rebuild by exposing how deeply his people need his law to know him (Ex 16-18).

Act III: Yahweh builds his house in the midst of his people (Ex 19-40).

Part 1: Yahweh architects a perfect paradise for the community of his people, so he can bring them near through the blood of a substitute (Ex 19-24).

Part 2: Yahweh explains how his people can re-create this paradise on earth (Ex 25-31).

Part 3: Yahweh hands them something more glorious than paradise; he hands them more of himself (Ex 32-34).

Gaze Upon Jesus

Like a shot of dopamine to the brain’s pleasure centers, this section stimulates our deepest joys and leaves us desperate for more. If only it could be so. If only we could see his glory (John 1:14). If only we could be with him forever (John 14:3, 1 Thess 4:17). If only we could have assurance that he will never again move out (Heb 13:5-6). If only we, too, could become partakers in the divine nature (2 Pet 1:3-4). If only we could be not only saved but also reconciled (Rom 5:10-11). If only we could build a place to live with God (Rev 21:2-4), be his people (Rev 21:7), see the light of his face, and worship him alone (Rev 22:1-5)—forever (2 Cor 3:16-18).

Dare I say it may, in fact, be so (Heb 1:1-4)?

Apply

Head: Understand your greatest need is not for more blessing or more forgiveness. What you need is more of the Lord.

Heart: Do you expect anything else to satisfy you?

Hands: Seek him. Love him. Abide in his word so you can abide in him (John 8:31-32). Rejoice in what Jesus has made possible. Praise him for his merciful inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you (1 Pet 1:3-4).

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 34:29-35: Is This Glory Here to Stay?

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After the Israelites broke covenant with God, he refused to live with them any longer. But Moses mediated a new deal, with a new covenant, which would enable total restoration and a more intimate relationship than ever before. Moses has seen the glory of Yahweh’s new covenant identity (the one full of both grace and truth); will the Israelites be allowed to see such glory for themselves?

Observation of Exodus 34:29-35

Most repeated words: Moses (10 times), face (6x), came (5), all (4), Israel (4), people (4), skin (3), speak (3), veil (3), when (3)

  • This is the first narrative unit since chapter 1 where the name Yahweh (“LORD”) is not one of the top 10 repeated words. The long speeches given by God (Ex 20-23, 25-31) also do not repeat the name Yahweh much, but mostly because Yahweh is telling other people what to do. It’s noteworthy that this climactic episode, describing the people reunited to their God, names that God only twice. Moses goes in to speak with him (Ex 34:34) and then tells his commands to the people (Ex 34:32).
  • Our main character here seems to be not even Moses himself, but Moses’ face.

The setting: When Moses came down from the mountain with the two tablets of the testimony.

  • Moses’ descent from the mountain is not a part of the main plot line, but merely the backdrop for Moses’ ignorance of his shining face (Ex 34:29).
  • This shining takes place in the context of Moses’ role in shaping this glorious new covenant, having literally shaped the stone tablets with his own hands (Ex 34:1, 4).

The reason for Moses’ shining face: “he had been talking with God” (Ex 34:29).

  • This is the reason for the first shining, and it remains the reason for all subsequent shinings (Ex 34:34-35).

The response to Moses’ shining:

  • Aaron and all the people are afraid to come near (Ex 34:30). This is the same response to had to the unmediated glory of God on the mountain (Ex 20:18-21).

The aftermath of Moses’ shining:

  • Moses calls to them (Ex 34:31).
  • Aaron and the leaders return to him.
  • Moses talks with them.
  • The rest of the people come near (Ex 34:32).
  • Moses commands them all that Yahweh had spoken on the mountain.

The cycle of events from here on out:

  • Moses veils his face (Ex 34:33).
  • He removes the veil when he speaks further with God, presumably in the new tent of meeting, presumably no longer outside the camp (Ex 34:34).
  • When he comes out, he speaks God’s words, with his face still unveiled. “The people of Israel would see the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses’ face was shining” (Ex 34:35).
  • Then Moses replaces the veil until the next time he speaks with God.

    Fr Lawrence Lew (2009), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 34:29-35

Some possible questions:

  1. Why does Moses’ face shine only now, and not the first few times he descended from the mountain (Ex 19:14, 25; 24:3, 32:15-16)? The first tablets were written with the finger of God (Ex 31:18)! Why would there be no shining then?
  2. Why are the people afraid to come near, merely on account of a shining face?
  3. Why does Mose veil his face?
  4. So what does all this mean for the final New Covenant in Christ?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. Chapters 32 and 33 are remarkable in that they show Moses fully executing his mediatorial role between Yahweh and the people. According to the narrator, he persuades Yahweh both to relent from destroying the people and to move back in with the people. This special new role was pictured in Yahweh’s request for Moses to cut these new tablets himself (Ex 34:1). The flow of chapters 32-34 shows that this new covenant is far more glorious than the first covenant was, because Moses (a man) fully participates in shaping it and in beholding the glory of God, full of grace and truth (Ex 34:6-7). This greater glory now blossoms publicly through a brilliantly shining face.
  2. Clearly, the shining face is more than a makeover or pleasant countenance. This is the glory of Yahweh’s grace and truth, being reflected in the image of God’s appointed mediator. No-one can see God’s face and live (Ex 33:20), so even the reflection of this glory, as in a mirror dimly, is nearly as terrifying as the thing itself (Ex 20:18-21).
  3. Here is the narrative’s key idea, and one that is easy to miss. Moses does not veil his face to protect the people from the reflected glory. He covers his face to conceal the fading glory until he gets it recharged (Ex 34:34-35). When the glory recharges from speaking with Yahweh, Moses makes sure the people see his shining face again (Ex 34:35).
  4. Paul uses this episode from Exodus to make a profound point about the glory of the New Covenant in Christ (2 Cor 3:1-4:18). If we assume that Moses’ veil was covering the glory itself (when it was actually concealing the fact that the glory was fading), we miss Paul’s point. In the last year, I’ve read two otherwise excellent books by respected New Testament scholars that make this very mistake. Paul’s argument:
    • The people he ministers to are themselves the proof of Paul’s recommendation from Christ (2 Cor 3:1-3).
    • His sufficiency as a minister of the new covenant comes from Christ who makes him sufficient (2 Cor 3:4-6).
    • While Moses’ ministry had a blazing, terrifying glory, it was always a fading glory (“the Israelites could not gaze at Moses’ face because of its glory, which was being brought to an end” – 2 Cor 3:7-11).
    • Therefore, Paul is not like Moses, who tried to conceal the fact that his glory was fading (“Moses…put a veil over his face so that the Israelites might not gaze at the outcome of what was being brought to an end” – 2 Cor 3:12-13).
    • Even today, the Jews fail to see the temporary, fading nature of the Old Covenant when it’s read to them (2 Cor 3:14-15).
    • But when they turn to Christ, they finally see the Old Covenant for the fading and temporary thing it is. They behold the Lord’s face and become perpetually and increasingly glorious (2 Cor 3:16-18).
    • This is why the people, whose reflection of Christ’s glory never fades but always brightens, are themselves the proof of Paul’s qualification for ministering this superior covenant (2 Cor 3:1-3, 4:1-15).
    • This gives Paul tremendous courage to persevere when ministry is hard (2 Cor 4:16-18).

Train of thought:

  • The mediator of the new covenant brings with him a glory the world has never yet seen.
  • Yet this glory is anything but permanent. Something even better must still be on its way.

Main point: Yahweh’s new and repaired covenant is far more glorious than was the first covenant, before there was any need of repair—but only if it’s here to stay.

Connection to Christ: Jesus Christ brought the final new covenant, which is forever here to stay (Heb 7:15-17, 8:13). Knowing Jesus is eternal life (John 17:3). Participation in Jesus is participation in the unfading glory of God (2 Cor 3-4, John 1:14-18).

My Application of Exodus 34:29-35

Like Paul, I need not lose heart when I face a season of harsh criticism. Of course I’m a sinner. Of course I make loads of mistakes. But my sufficiency doesn’t come from any perceived perfection on my part; it comes from Christ. And Christ is at work, replicating his glory in the people he’s transforming by his Spirit. The proof, as they say, is in the puddin’. Trails of people, being united to God through Christ, and growing perpetually in the glory of increasing Christlikeness—these folks are my letter of recommendation from Christ.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 34:1-28: The Glorious New Covenant

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Moses has requested proof from Yahweh that he will, in fact, go up with his people into their new land. God will show up, and he will stay in relationship with these rebellious people. But how is that possible?

Observation of Exodus 34:1-28

Most repeated words: Lord (16 times), God/god (12x), no (6), tablets (6), covenant (5), days (5), make (5), not (5)

  • much emphasis on Yahweh, God, in contrast to the other gods of the nations
  • new tablets and the making of a covenant are also primary themes

The first paragraph (Ex 34:1-9) shows Yahweh keeping his promise (Ex 33:19-23) to show his glory to Moses.

  • First, Moses needs to cut new tablets to replace the ones he broke (Ex 34:1-4) and bring them to the top of the mountain.
  • Then Yahweh descends in the cloud to speak to Moses (Ex 34:5, compare with Ex 33:9).
  • Yahweh shows his glory to Moses by…declaring his name and its implications (Ex 34:6-7).
    • Yahweh is a God merciful and gracious, abounding in love [grace/mercy] and faithfulness [truth].
    • He keeps love and forgiveness for thousands.
    • He also will by no means clear the guilty. Sin has consequences for multiple generations.
  • Moses responds in worship, once again begging God to stay among his people (Ex 34:8-9).
    • He recognizes that this cannot happen unless God pardons their sin.

The rest of the section (Ex 34:10-28) is a speech by Yahweh in response to Moses’ pleading.

  • The topic statement of the speech is: “Behold, I am making a covenant” (Ex 34:10).
  • And, as though the burning bush and the plagues and the Passover and the exodus and the Red Sea and the manna and the water from the rock and the victory over Amalekites and the pillar of cloud and the fiery mountain—as though all these things weren’t enough, this new covenant will be something “awesome” unlike anything ever seen before (Ex 34:10).
  • This covenant involves a promise and a series of 8 laws all repeated from earlier in the book (Ex 34:11-28).
    • A promise to drive out the nations in the Promised Land (Ex 34:11, compare with Ex 23:23).
    • Don’t make covenants with the inhabitants of the land (Ex 34:12-16, cf. Ex 23:24, 32-33).
    • Don’t make gods of cast metal (Ex 34:17, cf. Ex 20:4-6, 20:23, 32:4).
    • Celebrate the Feast of Unleavened Bread and redeem the firstborn (Ex 34:18-20, cf. Ex 12:17, 13:1-16, 23:15).
    • Rest on the seventh day each week (Ex 34:21, cf. Ex 16:26-30, 20:8-11, 23:12).
    • Celebrate 3 festivals each year (Ex 34:22-24, cf. Ex 23:14-17).
    • Include no leaven in sacrifices, and allow no leftovers from feasts (Ex 34:25, cf. Ex 23:18).
    • Bring the best of the first fruits into Yahweh’s house (Ex 34:26, cf. Ex 23:19).
    • Don’t boil a young goat in its mother’s milk (Ex 34:26, cf. Ex 23:19).
  • Yahweh wants this new covenant (particularly the 10 Commandments) written on the new stone tablets. Moses take 40 more days (cf. Ex 24:18) to complete this work (Ex 34:27-28).

    Stephen Zucker (2012), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 34:1-28

Some possible questions:

  1. Why does Moses need new stone tablets?
  2. Why does Moses need to replace the stone tablets himself?
  3. Why is God’s glory wrapped up in his name?
  4. How is this new covenant any more awesome than what Yahweh has done before?
  5. Why does this new covenant simply repeat the promise and 8 laws from earlier in the book?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. He broke the first ones (Ex 34:1) when he saw the people worshipping the golden calf (Ex 32:19). He did this as a representative of Yahweh’s fierce anger (Ex 32:10, 19), signifying the covenant relationship broken seemingly beyond repair (Ex 33:3-5).
  2. The first ones were carved and written on by the finger of God himself (Ex 31:18, 32:16). But Moses has now demonstrated his full potential as mediator. When God repairs the covenant, part of what makes it more “awesome” than anything seen before is that it now includes a human mediator in the crafting of it. This foreshadows the significance of the last part of chapter 34, which I’ll cover next week.
  3. God’s decision to deliver these people was deeply rooted in the glory of his name (Ex 3:13-15). His plan to train Moses as a mediator was deeply rooted in the glory of his name (Ex 6:2-9). He toyed with Pharaoh so the whole earth would know the glory of his name (Ex 9:15-16). One of God’s foundational commands prohibits people from making light of his name (Ex 20:7). The whole book of Exodus has been concerned with the glory of Yahweh’s name. And now we learn the essence of the name, the essential identity of this God: he who is full of both grace and truth (Ex 34:6, John 1:14, 17-18). It was pictured early on in a bush that burned but was not consumed (Ex 3:2). Now we finally see the truth of his judgment on a sinful people combined with the grace of a new covenant to restore them to him.
  4. It is more awesome because it involves not only rescuing a needy people but even restoring and cohabiting with a blatantly rebellious people. It is not merely God’s plans for humans, but even his inclusion of them in his eternal purpose (e.g. requiring Moses to inscribe the new tablets). This is an awe-inspiring glory the world had never seen.
  5. Most of the repetition comes from chapter 23, the conclusion to the original Book of the Covenant. The repetition here highlights the fact that this covenant is still on. Though Yahweh threatened to destroy the people and start over (Ex 32:10), and though he refused to keep living among them (Ex 33:3-6), he has not followed through on those threats. He has restored their relationship in full to the way that it was before. In fact, there are even hints that it’s better than it was before (e.g. Moses’ shaping and writing the new tablets).

Train of thought:

  • Yahweh’s glory is revealed through the inclusion of a human mediator to shape the new covenant, and his fundamental identity of combining grace and truth.
  • The glorious new covenant involves not only a full and total restoration of the broken relationship between God and his people, but also a few hints of something more.

Main point: The glory of Yahweh’s new covenant lies in total restoration and a more intimate relationship than ever before.

Connection to Christ: Jesus, once again, is our true mediator. He forgives our sins and rescues us from slavery. These things are wonderful. But he also reunites us to God in a way superior to anything we would have had before sin entered the world. Jesus makes possible our full and final adoption as the sons of God.

My Application of Exodus 34:1-28

Head: I can trust that my God and Father is not grudgingly obligated to take care of me; no, he is ecstatic and delighted to have me for his son in Christ.

Heart: I cannot find such divine and eternal intimacy anywhere else. Nothing can satisfy my deepest longing for close relationships like what I have in Christ.

Hands: Stop sucking the life out of people. Don’t manipulate circumstances or conversations for my own security or self-fulfillment. I can take risks, speak the truth, extend the grace that has been extended to me. This will generate more patience with my children and greater eagerness for outreach.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 33: Atonement = Forgiveness + Reconciliation

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After the people commit a “great sin,” Moses offers to go back up Mt. Sinai. His hope? “Perhaps I can make atonement for your sin” (Ex 32:30). This work of atonement began with begging God’s forgiveness (Ex 32:31-32), but that clearly wasn’t enough (Ex 32:33-35). Full atonement requires something more.

Observation of Exodus 33

Most repeated words: people (14 times), Moses (12x), said (11), tent (11), Lord (9), up (9), go (8), not (8), face (5), favor (5), know (5), sight (5)

  • As Moses is trying to bring the Lord and the people back together, I’m not surprised to see repeated mention of these characters
  • But what role do the tent, and the favor of God’s face, play…?

In the first section (Ex 33:1-6), Yahweh assesses the situation as it stands.

  • Yahweh speaks to Moses
    • He will keep his oath to give them the land
    • But Moses must lead them (Ex 33:1)
    • Yahweh will send an angel to clear out the inhabitants (Ex 33:2)
    • But he himself will not go with them, lest he consume them on the way (Ex 33:3)
  • The people mourn at this “disastrous word” (Ex 33:4)
  • Yahweh’s speech is repeated (Ex 33:5)
    • There is real danger for these people if Yahweh were to be with them!
  • The people strip their ornaments (Ex 33:6)

In the second section (Ex 33:7-11), Yahweh speaks to Moses at the tent of meeting face-to-face.

In the third section (Ex 33:12-23), Moses pleads with Yahweh to alter this course of events.

  • Moses leverages the favor he’s already got with Yahweh (Ex 33:12).
  • He pleads for even more favor (Ex 33:13).
  • Yahweh then promises to go with them (Ex 33:14).
  • But Moses is not assured. He wants to make sure Yahweh will be with them (Ex 33:15-16).
  • Yahweh agrees to this very thing (Ex 33:17).
  • But Moses is still not assured. He requests proof that Yahweh will be with them. And the requested proof is that Yahweh will show Moses his glory (Ex 33:18).
  • Yahweh agrees, but with conditions to preserve Moses’ life (Ex 33:19-23).

    Julie Gibbons (2010), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 33

Some possible questions:

  1. If Yahweh has agreed to forgive their sin (and not wipe them all out to start over with Moses), why all this fuss? Why won’t he just go with them?
  2. What is going on with the tent of meeting in Ex 33:7-11? Why is this little anecdote stuck right here? Wouldn’t the story make more sense without it (if we read Ex 33:1-6 and then jumped to Ex 33:12-23)?
  3. Why won’t Moses take God at his word? Why does he request proof that God will be with them?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. Though Yahweh has forgiven (most of) the people and chosen not to destroy them for their sin, this passage shows us vividly that forgiveness alone is not enough to accomplish full atonement. Though the legal transaction of forgiveness has taken place, there is still the relational damage between Yahweh and the people that must be dealt with. Yahweh will keep his word to give these people the land of Canaan (Ex 33:1-2). But the relationship has been so damaged that, if Yahweh was with them, there could be more explosions (Ex 33:3).
  2. We must not read Ex 33:7-11 in a vacuum, divorced from the context. This has everything to do with the flow of the chapter! I’m honestly not sure why the ESV (along with NASB, NIV, and NRSV) add the “used to” to Ex 33:7, as an interpretation of the Hebrew’s shift in tense. But the CSB, NET, NKJV, and LEB all translate with a straightforward, “Now Moses took the tent and pitched it outside the camp,” which makes more sense in the context. Of course, the tabernacle hasn’t been pitched yet, but Moses set up a proto-tabernacle, a mini-mountain, where the glory cloud could descend and Yahweh could speak to Moses (Ex 33:9). But from God’s speech in Ex 33:1-3, Moses knows that God can no longer live with his people. The relationship is too damaged. So this tent must go outside the camp. When Moses goes to speak with Yahweh, all the people wait breathlessly at the doors of their own tents, hoping beyond hope that their God will move back into camp with them. Yahweh speaks to Moses as to a friend (Ex 33:11), but that is not good enough for Moses. Moses wants God to have this relationship with all his people. This causes Moses to plead for a change and to request proof that it will happen.
  3. Moses knows how high the stakes are. God has placed his favor on Moses in a special way, but Moses won’t back down until Yahweh sets such favor on all the people. According to Ex 33:15-16, “me” and “us” are a package deal. “You can’t take me up, Yahweh, without taking all of us!” So Moses asks God to put his money where his mouth is; he wants to see the ring on Israel’s finger to know the wedding is still on. “Please show me your glory!” And he gets more than he bargained for. Yahweh will make all his goodness pass by, and he will become a witness to Yahweh’s lavish grace and mercy (Ex 33:19) when he repairs the relationship between his people and himself.

Train of thought:

  • Forgiveness, on its own, clearly wasn’t enough to provide full atonement.
  • The relationship has broken to the point that Yahweh must move out.
  • The grace of true reconciliation is astoundingly glorious (and life-threatening).

Main point: Full atonement = forgiveness + reconciliation

Connection to Christ: When God, before the world began, set his affection on his beloved Son, Jesus Christ, he got us as a package deal. Jesus came to die for his people, that he might bring us to God. And God loves us, not because we are lovable or particularly noble, but because Jesus claimed us as his own. When Jesus worked to provide atonement, to cover our sins, he did what had to be done so we could be forgiven. But he didn’t stop there. He also brought us close to God, as an intimate part of his family.

My Application of Exodus 33

The world does not work this way. The world tries to forgive and forget. Most people walk on eggshells, hold grudges, or give in to backbiting when relationships go sour.
But it must not be so with me (or with our community). The more I delight in the full reconciliation Jesus has provided for me with God, the better equipped I will be to not only forgive but also reconcile with those around me.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 32: Our Most Troubling Trouble

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God has explained to Moses how to recreate heaven on earth by building a place for God to live with his people. Moses holds in his hands two tablets of stone inscribed with Yahweh’s testimony (Ex 31:18). Now it’s time to execute the Lord’s instructions. But what will happen when a uniquely righteous God tries to dwell among his sinful people?

Observation of Exodus 32:1-35

Most repeated words: said (21 times), people (20x), Moses (17), Lord (13), out (12), Aaron (9), brought (9), sin (9), up (9), made (8)

  • while these words summarize the main action of the story, I don’t see any further significance to their repetition (but I always start observing with repetition, as it’s easy to observe, and it often suggests a direction for inquiry).

The first section (Ex 32:1-20) describes parallel scenes at the top and bottom of the mountain

  • Bottom of the mountain (Ex 32:1-6): The story’s conflict/tension arises when the people get nervous at Moses’ delay and ask Aaron to make them gods for revelry.
    • Top of the mountain (Ex 32:7-10): Yahweh tells Moses what is happening at the bottom, and he prepares to consume the people (“your people,” not “my people.” Yikes!).
    • Top of the mountain (Ex 32:11-14): Moses implores Yahweh and persuades him to relent from consuming the people.
  • Bottom of the mountain (Ex 32:15-20): Moses delays no longer but descends and sees the gods and revelry.

The second section (Ex 32:21-24) shows Moses uncovering Aaron’s motive for leading the people into “such a great sin”

  • First, Aaron blames the people (Ex 32:22).
  • Second, Aaron blames his circumstances (Ex 32:24) – “It’s not my fault, Moses; out came this calf!”
  • In between Aaron’s two self-justifications, he reveals his presenting problem: the nervousness people felt at Moses’ delay (Ex 32:23).

The third section (Ex 32:25-35) narrates a quasi-resolution to the conflict between the people and God

  • The Levites prove to be on Yahweh’s side by executing their countrymen (Ex 32:25-29).
  • Moses will go back up the mountain; perhaps he can cover (“make atonement for”) their sin (Ex 32:30-32).
  • But to move forward, Yahweh must punish sin (Ex 32:33-35).

    Nicolas Poussin, public domain

Interpretation of Exodus 32

Some possible questions:

  1. Why does Moses’ delay make the people so nervous that they would resort to such wild idolatry and revelry?
  2. How is it possible for Moses to persuade God to relent from consuming the people?
  3. Does God truly relent, if he visits their sin on them and sends a plague (Ex 32:34-35)? Is he just a whiny, capricious god?
  4. So what is the point of these three resolutions in Ex 32:25-35? How do they help?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. We were told that Moses was on the mountain for 40 days (Ex 24:18), but the characters in the story were never told. All they knew was that they were to take care of any disputes while they waited for Moses to return (Ex 24:14). But Yahweh has heard the cries of these people before (Ex 3:7). They were to him as a son (Ex 4:22-23). They are now his treasured possession among all peoples (Ex 19:5). But now they forget who actually rescued them (compare Ex 20:2 with Ex 32:4) and who now leads them (Ex 32:1, where they want “gods who shall go before us”). In forgetting these things, they bring into question whose people they truly are (no longer “my people” but “your people, whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt” in Ex 32:7). Clearly, this is extremely unsettling for them.
  2. In this chapter, we finally see Moses settling into his appointed role as the mediator between God and his people. The main point of Ex 1:1-7:7 was to train him for this role. Clearly this was a part of Yahweh’s plan all along, and this incident of sin is no real surprise to him. It’s no accident that Moses appeal to the same promises (Ex 32:13) that motivated Yahweh to free these slaves in the first place (Ex 2:24-25). Thus, in speaking to Yahweh, Moses is acting like Yahweh. And when Moses goes to speak to the people, he still acts like Yahweh (compare Ex 32:9-10 with Ex 32:19). Here is just the mediator they need.
  3. Yahweh does not follow through on his threat to consume the people and re-create a nation through Moses (Ex 32:10). But he can’t just wave his hand and pretend the sin didn’t happen. He shows that payment must still be made for it (Ex 32:33-35).
  4. First, Yahweh blesses non-conformity to the fear and sin of the age (Ex 32:25-29). Second, there is hope that he just might cover (“atone for”) their sin (Ex 32:30-32). Third, this covering can only take place if payment is made (Ex 32:33-35).

Train of thought:

  • They get themselves into trouble when they forget who rescued them and now leads them.
  • This brings into question whose people they are.
  • The most troubling part is the potential severing of this covenant relationship and closeness to Yahweh!
  • Self-medicating the fear and anxiety with false assurance and pleasure does nothing to help.
  • But Yahweh’s mediator might make it right again by not conforming but covering the sin by paying for it.

Main point: God has a superior solution to our most troubling trouble. He can make a way to bring us back to him.

Connection to Christ: Moses couldn’t do it himself, but Jesus could. Jesus not only acts or speaks like Yahweh; he is Yahweh in the flesh. He never confirmed to the sinful pattern of this world. He shed his own blood to pay for our sin, such that his blood now covers those who trust him with their life.

My Application of Exodus 32

Head: I know the theology, that Jesus is the only savior. But when I feel anxious or afraid, I am still mostly inclined to self-medicate with pleasure, selfishness, blame-shifting, or anything else. When I face such temptation, I must remind myself of who alone can save me and lead me.

Heart: When I remember the Lord Jesus, I love him more than my false saviors.

Hands: I can close the browser window, set aside the video game, and choose not to attack my critic. Such things have never been able to save me in the past or lead me into paradise. Jesus is all in all, and being close to him is all that matters.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

What it Means for the Word to Dwell Among Us

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And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John 1:14)

John saw fit to introduce his portrait of Jesus in this way, and you might be among those blessed for believing it, without having personally seen it (John 20:29). But do you know what this means? Do you? It means you are ceremonially pure and holy, without trace of defilement from your past choices. It means you were not irrevocably disqualified by the abuse you suffered. It means God remembers you daily and singles you out for particular affection. It means you shine with his glory, your nakedness has been adequately clothed, and your life is never really in question.

But how can this be so?

John’s Introduction of Moses’ Tabernacle

In the prologue to his Gospel, John clearly has two things in mind: the creation of the world and the tabernacle of Moses. I’ll come back to the creation in a bit, but let me list the evidence for my latter claim:

  • He mentions the giving of the law through Moses in John 1:17. And though Moses was given the Book of the Covenant (Ex 20-23) with its ethical instruction (Ex 24:7), the longer work of “law” he was handed on Mt. Sinai was the blueprint for the tabernacle (Ex 25-31, especially Ex 31:18).
  • “We have seen his glory” (John 1:14). Moses asked to see God’s glory (Ex 33:18), in between the tabernacle instructions (Ex 25-31) and the tabernacle construction (Ex 35-39).
  • “Grace and truth came through Jesus Christ” (John 1:17). “Grace and truth” summarizes the “name” God revealed to Moses on that mountain (Ex 34:6), again between the tabernacle instruction and construction.
  • “We have seen his glory” (John 1:14). “Glory” is what was visible on top of the mountain (Ex 24:17) and came to dwell within the tabernacle (Ex 40:34-35).
  • Greek scholars regularly note that the word for “dwelt” (John 1:14) is the verb form of the word for “tabernacle.” Some go as far as to translate John 1:14 as “and tabernacled among us.”

So John clearly has Moses’ tabernacle in mind from the start, at least in the paragraph of John 1:14-18.

John’s Development of Moses’ Tabernacle

John doesn’t stop alluding to the tabernacle after that intro paragraph. Not only does he make explicit reference to Jesus’ body as a new temple (John 2:19-21), but he also develops many themes from the tabernacle description in Exodus. I’ve been working through the book of Exodus with some sample Bible studies. Now that I’ve gotten to the end of the tabernacle instructions, it’s a good time to reflect on how John uses this material for his purposes.

Many have taken note of the seven “I am” statements throughout John’s Gospel. But have you ever noticed their connection to Moses’ tabernacle, at least for the first few?

  • I am the bread of life (John 6:35), like the bread of the Presence set on God’s tables regularly (Ex 25:30).
  • I am the light of the world (John 8:12), like the lamps that cast their light on the holy space (Ex 25:37) and must burn every evening (Ex 27:20-21).
  • I am the door (John 10:9), like the only entrance to the courtyard (Ex 27:16) or to the tent itself (Ex 26:36-37).
  • I am the good shepherd, who lays down his life for the sheep (John 10:11), a composite image showing Jesus to be both priest (Ex 28:31-35, 42-43) and sacrificial substitute (Ex 29:10-14).

Eric Golub (2012), Creative Commons

I confess the connection is either absent or much less clear with “the resurrection and the life” (John 11:25-26), “the way, the truth, and the life” (John 14:6) and “the true vine” (John 15:1). But the Exodus/tabernacle imagery never really goes away in the narrative.

  • Jesus speaks with an authority greater than that of Moses, speaking of God’s commandment, which is eternal life (John 12:49-50).
  • His presence with them leads him to give a new commandment (John 13:33-35).
  • Jesus prepares a place in his Father’s house, where there are many rooms (John 14:1).
  • Jesus acts like a high priest when he prays for his people (John 17).
  • Like Yahweh in the burning bush, Jesus terrifies people by speaking his name, “I AM” (John 18:5-6).
  • Jesus times the very hour of his conviction to the timing of the Passover festival (John 19:14).

And then, at the story’s climax, John paints a picture of a new Holy of Holies, with a new mercy seat—the place where Jesus’ body had lain—all decked out with two angels, one on one side, and one on the other (John 20:12). Don’t miss the allusion to the ark of the covenant! Full access has now been granted to God’s people. Not to a high priest on a high holy day, but to a woman who loved her lord (and to the rest of us who likewise love him). We have now truly seen his glory, full of grace and truth.

The Tabernacle and the Creation of the World

I write these things not to amaze you with elusive mysteries or secret knowledge. I do it simply because we’re usually not familiar enough with the tabernacle narratives to catch the allusions.

And let me take it one more step. Through my study of Exodus, I’ve been arguing that the tabernacle is pictured as a re-creation of the world, a starting over of God’s people in relationship with their Father. If we were already familiar with this idea from Exodus, we would quickly see John trace out the same connection.

John is concerned from chapter 1 with not only the tabernacle but also the creation.

  • He starts right where Genesis 1 starts: “In the beginning” (Gen 1:1, John 1:1).
  • He calls Jesus the Word, just as God “spoke” creation into existence (Gen 1:3, John 1:1).
  • He identifies Jesus as the Creator God (John 1:3).
  • Just as the creation in Genesis begins with light (Gen 1:3), leading to life (Gen 1:20, 21, 24, 25, 30, etc.), so also Jesus brings light and life in John (John 1:4-5).
  • In Genesis, God creates the heavens and the earth (Gen 1:1). In John Jesus comes from heaven to earth to reveal God (John 1:9, 3:31, 6:41, etc.).
  • Just as God creates the world in seven days (Gen 1:1-2:3), John now shows Jesus beginning his work over the course of seven days (John 1:28, 29, 35, 43; 2:1).

So when we reach the story’s climax, we have not only a new Holy of Holies (John 20:12), but also a new Man and a new Woman in a Garden, drawing near to God and preparing to rule and subdue the earth (John 20:15-18).

So What?

Please let these things motivate you when you hit the hard parts of the Bible, such as the tabernacle instructions. They’re here for a reason, and, if you have eyes to see, they will explain marvelous things about the person and work of Christ. When you read that the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, make sure to step back and get a clear handle on what it really means.