When the Lord God made the heavens and the earth, there was only one thing that he declared was not good: the man’s being alone. So God promptly invented romantic love, and his word is very clear about how such love works. It begins with the problem of loneliness, which is not a result of sin but simply a result of being a created being. It proceeds when boy meets girl, and things start to feel really awkward. And the only way to make progress is with poetry, song, and celebration. The World’s Greatest Song (aka The Song of Songs) is here to help.
Literary Markers
The poetry in the Song of Songs flits about from character to character, as the woman, the man, and the daughters of Jerusalem all lift their voices in an intricate back-and-forth befitting the subject matter. As a result, the poetry can appear quite mysterious and dense. Thankfully, the poet makes use of two refrains that serve, with minor variations, as paint blazes on the trail to help us follow his train of thought.
Each refrain occurs three times in the book. The first refrain is “I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem, that you not stir up or awaken love until it pleases” (Song 2:7, 3:5, 8:4). The second refrain is “My beloved is mine, and I am his” (Song 2:16, 6:3, 7:10). These two refrains provide the chief applications to the unmarried (do not awaken) and the married (join in mutual possession). And in addition, they help us to mark many of the book’s divisions.
In addition, the flow of most of the poems moves from separation to union (or reunion). The arcs of each section follow this general pattern where the lovers begin apart from one another and move toward one another to be together.
Walkthrough
The chief audience for the Song of Songs is the virgin daughters of Jerusalem, who are addressed all throughout the book. In this way, this book is something of a complement to the book of Proverbs, whose chief audience is the young men of Israel. This doesn’t mean that men have nothing to gain from the Song, but it helps us to understand why the woman is in the spotlight for much of the book.
After the book’s title (Song 1:1), we’re immersed right into the intoxicating nature of love, which is better than wine (Song 1:2-4). Then in the first main poem, the couple delights in the playful back-and-forth of getting to know one another and finding ways to spend time together as their attraction develops (Song 1:5-2:3). As they draw close, however, and move into a place of profound intimacy (Song 2:4-6), the woman emerges from the chamber to warn the virgins of Jerusalem not to awaken such love in themselves until the time is right (Song 2:7).
The second poem (Song 2:8-3:5) focuses on the wooing and courtship, but completely from the woman’s perspective. She describes the man coming to see her (Song 2:8-9), before quoting what he says—or what she hopes he’ll say?—to win her heart for life (Song 2:10-15). She longs for them to achieve mutual possession of one another (Song 2:16) but must still say goodbye at the end of the evening and send him back to his home (Song 2:17). This leads her to dream of what life would be like without him—a reality she cannot bear to accept (Song 3:1-4). Upon consummation of their love for one another, she emerges once more to adjure the maidens of Jerusalem not to awaken such love until the time is right (Song 3:5).
The third poem (Song 3:6-5:1) opens with a question: Who is this coming up from the wilderness, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense? (Commentaries will point out that this question is identical in wording to Song 8:5, and is most likely asking who and not what.) We will get the answer momentarily, when the naked woman is covered in myrrh and frankincense (Song 4:6). But first, the poet wishes to take a gander at the lavish and luscious bed of Solomon, “inlaid with love by the daughters of Jerusalem.” Yeah, that bed has every appearance of a seedy honeymoon suite in Las Vegas, where the “love” comes and goes with each new addition to the harem. But in contrast to the polygamous, cheap lust of Solomon, the undefiled sexuality of the Song’s couple is a glorious paradise. No shame. No fear. No violation. Sheer beauty and delight (Song 4:1-5:1). It was worth it to wait for this.
The fourth poem (Song 5:2-6:3) describes the sanctifying effect of conflict. The opening scene shows that the honeymoon has definitely come to an end, as the couple’s miscues lead to sexual tension and disappointment. But conflict is part of God’s plan to make relationships stronger than they were before. That sanctifying strengthening occurs when the daughters of Jerusalem compel the woman to answer two questions: What makes your man so great (Song 5:9-16)? And where is this relationship heading (Song 6:1-3)? In other words, now that you’ve had this fight, should we expect divorce papers? Is it all over?
The fifth poem (Song 6:4-10) provides a brief intermission highlighting the woman’s uniqueness.
- You are beautiful and awesome (Song 6:4-7)
- Many queens, concubines, and virgins (Song 6:8)
- My dove is unique and pure (Song 6:9a)
- Many queens, concubines, and virgins (Song 6:9b)
- Many queens, concubines, and virgins (Song 6:8)
- You are beautiful and awesome (Song 6:10)*
The sixth poem (Song 6:11-8:3) highlights the exclusivity of this relationship, despite the many things and people that might pull them in different directions. She goes down to check him out (Song 6:11-12), but the daughters of Jerusalem want her to return to their friend group, putting her in a tug-of-war between her friends and her lover (Song 6:13). He wins her with his praise and passion (Song 7:1-9), achieving mutual possession of one another (Song 7:10). Then the two of them celebrate their continued passion in both field (Song 7:11-13) and village (Song 8:1-3). Such fiery passion requires careful guarding, so as not to awaken it before the time is right (Song 8:4).
The final poem (Song 8:5-14) states the conclusion of the matter, reflecting on the principles that undergird the rest of the book. It is here that we learn what true love is, as defined by God, in contrast to the cheap lust of the world (as exemplified by Solomon himself). True love recognizes its own power—which is strong as death—and isn’t naive about the control it can have over a human heart (Song 8:5-7). True love esteems the virtue of virginity, as the unmarried wait for the right time and hold out for a godly partner (Song 8:8-10). True love repudiates cheap lust. Solomon is welcome to have his thousand-piece harem, but this woman’s vineyard is her own, to be given to one and only one (Song 8:11-12). True love anticipates something even better, as the book concludes with a final bit of flirting, suggestion, and innuendo for what is yet to come in the relationship (Song 8:13-14).
Conclusion
Church history is filled with the debates over whether to read this book as an allegory of God’s love for his people or as a literal picture of human marriage. Frankly, I’m not convinced we have to choose only one of those options. If it’s not about human marriage, then the metaphors of God’s relationship with his people would make no sense at all. And if it’s not also about God’s relationship with his people, then Paul, Hosea, and Ezekiel (among others) wouldn’t have gone there. This book gives us much wisdom for dating, marriage, sex, and conflict. And in so doing, it shows us the paradise of knowing Christ and being known intimately by him.
Interpretive Outline
- Title – Song 1:1
- Intoxicating attraction – Song 1:2-2:7
- Climax: Do not awaken love – Song 2:7
- Springtime courtship – Song 2:8-3:5
- Her perspective on his wooing of her – Song 2:8-17
- Climax: Mutual possession – Song 2:16
- Her dream (nightmare?) of life without him – Song 3:1-5
- Climax: Do not awaken love – Song 3:5
- Her perspective on his wooing of her – Song 2:8-17
- Undefiled sexuality – Song 3:6-5:1
- Not worth admiration: Solomon’s bed – Song 3:6-11
- Worth admiration: Naked, unashamed intimacy – Song 4:1-5:1
- Climax: Command to eat, drink, and be drunk with love – Song 5:1
- Sanctifying conflict – Song 5:2-6:3
- The honeymoon is over – Song 5:2-8
- What makes this person so great? – Song 5:9-16
- Where is this relationship heading? – Song 6:1-3
- Climax: Mutual possession – Song 6:3
- Dazzling uniqueness – Song 6:4-10
- Committed exclusivity – Song 6:11-8:4
- Her insecurity overcome by his desire for her – Song 6:11-7:10
- Climax: Mutual possession – Song 7:10
- He wins the tug-of-war with her friends – Song 7:11-8:4
- Climax: Do not awaken love – Song 8:4
- Her insecurity overcome by his desire for her – Song 6:11-7:10
- True love – Song 8:5-14
- Recognizes its own power – Song 8:5-7
- Esteems the virtue of virginity – Song 8:8-10
- Repudiates cheap lust – Song 8:11-12
- Anticipates something even better – song 8:13-14
*I am grateful to my colleague Ryan Shreckengast for showing me the structure of this poem.
This post is part of a series of interpretive overviews of the books of the Bible.